21st Century U.S. Military Manuals: Police Intelligence Operations Field Manual - FM 3-19.50 (Value-Added Professional Format Series)
U.S. Army, U.S. Military, Department of Defense
Smashwords Edition
Copyright 2011 Progressive Management
Questions? Suggestions? Comments? Concerns? Please contact the publisher directly at
Remember, the book retailer can't answer your questions, but we can!
* * * * * * * * * * *
Smashwords Edition, License Notes
This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each person you share it with. If you're reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then you should return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
This is a privately authored news service and educational publication of Progressive Management. Our publications synthesize official government information with original material - they are not produced by the federal government. They are designed to provide a convenient user-friendly reference work to uniformly present authoritative knowledge that can be rapidly read, reviewed or searched. Vast archives of important data that might otherwise remain inaccessible are available for instant review no matter where you are. This e-book format makes a great reference work and educational tool. There is no other reference book that is as convenient, comprehensive, thoroughly researched, and portable - everything you need to know, from renowned experts you trust. For over a quarter of a century, our news, educational, technical, scientific, and medical publications have made unique and valuable references accessible to all people. Our e-books put knowledge at your fingertips, and an expert in your pocket!
FM 3-19.50
Police Intelligence Operations
Headquarters, Department of the Army
* * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Chapter 2 * Legal Documents and Considerations
Chapter 3 * Police Intelligence Operations as Emerging Doctrine
Chapter 4 * The Criminal Intelligence Process in Support of Police Intelligence Operations
Chapter 5 * Police Intelligence Operations in Urban Operations
Chapter 6 * Police Intelligence Operations on Installations
Chapter 7 * Police Intelligence Operations Networking
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Preface
Field Manual (FM) 3-19.50 is a new FM and is the Military Police Corps' manual for police intelligence operations (PIO) doctrine. It describes—
• The fundamentals of PIO.
• The legal documents and considerations affiliated with PIO.
• The PIO process.
• The relationship of PIO to the Army's intelligence process.
• The introduction of police and prison structures, organized crime, legal systems, investigations, crime-conducive conditions, and enforcement mechanisms and gaps (POLICE)—a tool to assess the criminal dimension and its influence on effects-based operations (EBO).
• PIO in urban operations (UO) and on installations.
• The establishment of PIO networks and associated forums and fusion cells to affect gathering police information and criminal intelligence (CRIMINT).
This manual is targeted specifically for the military police battalion staff, the Criminal Investigation Division Command (CID), the director of emergency services (DES), the provost marshal (PM), other military police leaders, and Army law enforcement (ALE) personnel who are responsible for managing and executing the PIO function. ALE includes military police and Department of the Army (DA) police and security guards.
This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/the Army National Guard of the United States, and the United States Army Reserve.
The proponent of this publication is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Send comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commandant, United States Army Military Police School (USAMPS), ATTN: ATSJ-MP-TD, 401 MANSCEN Loop, Suite 2060, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri 65473-8926.
Unless stated otherwise, masculine nouns or pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
Over the last several years, the senior military police leadership has recognized the value and role that PIO play in bridging the information gap in a commander's situational understanding and force protection (FP) programs. With the events of 11 September 2001 and the initiation of offensive combat actions in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF), emerging doctrine, and the expanding role the US military is playing in "nation building," there has been a renewed interest in police intelligence efforts and support to installation and maneuver commanders. The military police component addresses this interest through the PIO function, which includes a review of the environment in a holistic approach, analyzing both the criminal threat and the capabilities of existing law enforcement agencies. This review is an assessment of the criminal dimension when considering the civil environment in mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations (METT-TC).
BACKGROUND
1-1. PIO are a military police function that supports, enhances, and contributes to a commander's situational understanding and battlefield visualization and FP programs by portraying the relevant criminal threat and friendly information, which may affect his operational and tactical environment. They are a function (consisting of systems, processes, and tools) that capitalizes on military police capabilities to analyze police information and develop criminal intelligence through the integration and employment of ALE assets and other police organizations. Like the military intelligence (MI) officer (intelligence staff officer [S2] and assistant chief of staff, intelligence [G2]) uses the intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) process to analyze the threat and the environment continuously in a specific geographical area, military police leaders use PIO to assist the G2 and to collect, organize, and analyze police information continuously as part of the IPB process. As described in this and later chapters, PIO contribute to the IPB; they are not a substitute for the IPB.
1-2. Department of Defense Directives (DODDs) 2000.12 and 2000.16 direct and give commanders the authority to task subordinate organizations to gather, analyze, and disseminate terrorism threat information. Army Regulation (AR) 525-13 tasks commanders similarly when collecting and analyzing criminal threat information. It is under the authority of these legal instruments and those outlined in Chapter 2 that the function of PIO is executed and managed. The purpose of PIO is twofold:
• It provides lethal (kinetic) or nonlethal (nonkinetic) targeting to the commander and PM with CRIMINT, targeting criminal threat systems and elements that threaten a mission or operation and the safety and security of the installation and its personnel and resources.
• It provides nonlethal or nonkinetic information to the commander and PM with a situational understanding of the capabilities and challenges of the criminal justice system within a given area of operation (AO).
ROLE OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
1-3. Due to the complexity of the environment, units often need to respond to multiple threats. The commander must understand how current and potential threat systems (along with the system of friendly agencies) organize, equip, and employ their forces.
1-4. In tactical environments, PIO will occur as a routine part of conducting other military police missions, but they can also serve as a primary function in order to support intelligence-driven operations. During offensive and defensive operations, PIO serve to identify systems (criminal or police) within the environment in order to indicate the conditions needed to establish stability. As operations become more protracted and conventional, threat levels are reduced from a traditional military threat to a more asymmetric threat, where the environment between criminal, terrorist, and insurgent activities normally associated with stability operations becomes blurred. PIO serve as a contributing function, which enables the S2/G2 to accurately articulate to the commander the environment and those who oppose stability. This is especially true during stability operations where the role of the military police focuses on developing a country's ability to protect its communities and enforce the laws. When PIO are planned for and conducted in stability operations, they foster the success of the operation and meet the commander's desired outcome. In nontactical environments, PIO provide essential products and services in support of military operations. In particular, PIO can work to reduce threats against Army installations; provide threat intelligence for in-transit security; and focus the development and implementation of threat countermeasures to safeguard Army personnel, material, and information. Regardless of the operational environment (OE), PIO help bridge the information gap between what a commander does and does not know. PIO provide direct support to the MI cycle and provide the most reliable information through developing effective PIO networks.
Bridging the Information Gap
1-5. When the S2/G2 identifies a gap in the commander's knowledge of the threat and the current threat situation, that gap may be included as priority intelligence requirements (PIR) or selected as indications and warnings (I&W). The S2/G2 will then develop a collection plan to assist the commander in filling this information gap. Part of the commander's collection strategy is to select the best collection asset available to cover each information requirement. After a thorough analysis (which includes availability, capability, and performance history), the collection manager identifies which collection asset can best be used. When the military police, CID, and DA police and security guards—henceforth referred to as ALE—are tasked with the police information collection mission, they are provided with specific guidelines and a prioritized collection requirement (see FM 34-2). In the continental United States (CONUS), effective PIO can provide installation commanders with situational understanding and address any information gaps to ensure that threat assessments are both valid and reliable. According to DODD 5200.27, "where collection activities are authorized to meet an essential requirement for information, maximum reliance shall be placed upon domestic civilian investigative agencies, federal, state, and local." PIO emphasize connectivity between installation law enforcement and civilian domestic agencies.
1-6. The above paragraph discusses the direct tasking of ALE assets in support of the PIO function when an information gap has been identified. It must be recognized that combat service support patrols and presence patrols conducted by infantry and armor units may provide input to the police collection effort by virtue of their presence at a given location and time.
Supporting Military Intelligence with Police Intelligence Operations
1-7. Within the intelligence warfighting function (WFF), personnel and organizations conduct four primary intelligence tasks that facilitate the commander's visualization and understanding of the threat and the battlespace (see FM 2-0). These tasks are as follows:
• Support situational understanding.
• Support strategic responsiveness.
• Conduct intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR).
• Provide intelligence support to effects.
1-8. These tasks are interactive and often take place simultaneously. Table 1-1 shows these tasks tailored to the commander's needs.
1-9. It is within the critical intelligence task "support situational understanding" that PIO best support the MI cycle. PIO are essential to this task, particularly where asymmetric threats (criminals, terrorists, and insurgents) threaten the security of US forces and military operations. UO are an example of where there may be a high volume of asymmetric threats and where the demand for directed police information collection is required and appropriate. Emerging with equal importance is the support PIO provide to intelligence efforts concerning effects. As the role of the military focuses on developing a country's infrastructure, the military police staff will serve as the subject matter expert on building an effective law enforcement agency within that country's criminal justice system. This will require an analysis of current capabilities and the necessary actions needed to stand up or improve an agency.
1-10. Support to situational understanding centers on providing military information and intelligence to the commander, which facilitates his understanding of the enemy and the environment. This task supports the command's ability to make sound decisions.
Perform Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
1-11. The S2/G2 is the staff proponent for IPB. There is only one IPB performed in each headquarters; this IPB includes the input received from all affected staff cells. During the IPB process, the S2/G2 uses all available databases and intelligence sources and/or products (such as the analysis control element [ACE] and other joint, interagency, and multinational agencies and related MI disciplines) to analyze the threat and the environment. During the IPB process, the military police planner provides an in-depth assessment of the criminal dimension using the acronym POLICE (see paragraph 1-16). The military police planner (in conjunction with the civil affairs officer [S5] and/or assistant chief of staff, civil affairs [G5]), supports this process by providing the S2/G2 with collected police, criminal, and combat information that can directly or indirectly affect the commander's lines of operations. By conducting a thorough review of existing police capabilities and known criminal activities, the military police planner identifies potential risks in each COA developed and significantly contributes to the success of the MI effort. In addition to the combat information, the PIO function provides additional information on possible criminal threats and COAs that may support the IPB process and that can be used by the commander to upgrade the FP posture.
Perform Situation Development
1-12. Situation development is a process for analyzing information and producing current MI about the enemy and the environment during operations. This process helps the MI officer recognize and interpret the indicators of enemy intentions, objectives, combat effectiveness, and potential enemy courses of action (ECOAs). This task allows the S2 to identify information gaps quickly. The military police representative to the G2 reviews raw data and intelligence to determine if any patterns, trends and associations exist within the criminal dimension. When analyzing the environment, the military police representative looks for patterns and trends that indicate the environment as crime-conducive or becoming crime-conducive. For example, a surge in kidnappings, the bombing of police stations, or simple graffiti represents patterns or trends of an organized effort to develop a sanctuary for criminal activity. The military police representative will then compare this information with previous activity in other areas to determine the group and the organized system.
Perform Intelligence Support to Force Protection
1-13. Intelligence support to FP consists of monitoring and reporting the activities, intentions, and capabilities of adversarial groups and determining their possible COA. Detecting the adversary's methods in today's OE requires a higher level of situational understanding. This type of threat drives the need for predictive intelligence based on an analysis of focused information from intelligence, law enforcement, and security activities.
Conduct Police Intelligence Operations
1-14. PIO provide situational understanding and visualization across the OE and are essential to the success of Army protective programs. When PIO are conducted in coordination with other law enforcement, security, and intelligence organizations, they can expand visualization beyond the AO to include the entire area of interest (AI). PIO consist of the staff's actions and processes the police information collection process (described in Chapter 3), and the CRIMINT process (described in Chapter 4), all of which input and result in the development of police intelligence products.
1-15. PIO play another important role in situational understanding through their review of the criminal dimension. (Criminal dimension planning considerations are included under the discussion of the military decision-making process [MDMP] in Appendix A) Often, in stability operations, the nature of the operation becomes more criminal and begins to influence friendly lines of operation, or the campaign plan. Because of this influence, it is necessary for military police planners to assess the presence of criminal aspects during major combat operations to help set the conditions of stability operations.
1-16. A tool that military police planners can use to assess the criminal dimension is POLICE. The components of POLICE can be useful in the assigning of tasks based on the desired effects (see Appendix A). Although useful throughout PIO, the criticality of using POLICE to analyze the criminal dimension before deployment cannot be overstated, especially for stability operations follow-on missions. The "P" in POLICE tells military police planners what police and prison structures exist. It will answer important questions such as the following: