21st Century Adult Cancer Sourcebook: Ovarian Cancer (Ovarian Epithelial Cancer) - Clinical Data for Patients, Families, and Physicians
Edition 1.0 - October 2011
National Cancer Institute
Smashwords Edition
Copyright 2011 Progressive Management
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PART ONE
Chapter 1A: Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Patient Information
Chapter 2A: Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Health Professional
Chapter 3A: Ovarian Epithelial Cancer NCI Drugs
Chapter 4A: Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Background Information
Chapter 5A: Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Clinical Trials
PART TWO
Chapter 1B: Levels of Evidence for Adult and Pediatric Cancer Treatment Studies (NCI)
Chapter 2B: Glossary of Clinical Trial Terms
Chapter 3B: Clinical Trials Background Information
Chapter 4B: Cancer Clinical Trials -The Basic Workbook
Chapter 5B: Cancer Clinical Trials - The In-Depth Program
Chapter 6B: Clinical Trials at NIH
Chapter 7B: How To Find A Cancer Treatment Trial: A Ten Step Guide
Chapter 8B: Taking Part in Cancer Treatment Research Studies
Chapter 9B: Cancer Clinical Trials
Chapter 10B: Access to Investigational Drugs
Chapter 12B: Taking Time: Support for People with Cancer
Chapter 13B: Facing Forward - Life After Cancer Treatment
Chapter 14B: Chemotherapy and You
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PART ONE
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Chapter 1A: Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Patient Information
Ovarian Epithelial Cancer Treatment
Patient Version
Last Modified: 08/05/2011
General Information About Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
Key Points for This Section
* Ovarian epithelial cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissue covering the ovary.
* Women who have a family history of ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
* Some ovarian cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations (changes).
* Women with an increased risk of ovarian cancer may consider surgery to prevent it.
* Possible signs of ovarian cancer include pain or swelling in the abdomen.
* Tests that examine the ovaries, pelvic area, blood, and ovarian tissue are used to detect (find) and diagnose ovarian cancer.
* Certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery).
Ovarian epithelial cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissue covering the ovary.
The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive system. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows). Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs and female hormones (chemicals that control the way certain cells or organs function).
Anatomy of the female reproductive system. The organs in the female reproductive system include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer called the myometrium and an inner lining called the endometrium.
Ovarian epithelial cancer is one type of cancer that affects the ovary.
Women who have a family history of ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Women who have one first-degree relative (mother, daughter, or sister) with ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. This risk is higher in women who have one first-degree relative and one second-degree relative (grandmother or aunt) with ovarian cancer. This risk is even higher in women who have two or more first-degree relatives with ovarian cancer.
Some ovarian cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations (changes).
The genes in cells carry the hereditary information that is received from a person’s parents. Hereditary ovarian cancer makes up approximately 5% to 10% of all cases of ovarian cancer. Three hereditary patterns have been identified: ovarian cancer alone, ovarian and breast cancers, and ovarian and colon cancers.
Tests that can detect mutated genes have been developed. These genetic tests are sometimes done for members of families with a high risk of cancer.
Women with an increased risk of ovarian cancer may consider surgery to prevent it.
Some women who have an increased risk of ovarian cancer may choose to have a prophylactic oophorectomy (the removal of healthy ovaries so that cancer cannot grow in them). In high-risk women, this procedure has been shown to greatly decrease the risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Possible signs of ovarian cancer include pain or swelling in the abdomen.
Early ovarian cancer may not cause any symptoms. When symptoms do appear, ovarian cancer is often advanced. Symptoms of ovarian cancer may include the following:
* Pain or swelling in the abdomen.
* Pain in the pelvis.
* Gastrointestinal problems, such as gas, bloating, or constipation.
These symptoms may be caused by other conditions and not by ovarian cancer. If the symptoms get worse or do not go away on their own, a doctor should be consulted so that any problem can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. When found in its early stages, ovarian epithelial cancer can often be cured.
Women with any stage of ovarian cancer should think about taking part in a clinical trial. Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 7.
Tests that examine the ovaries, pelvic area, blood, and ovarian tissue are used to detect (find) and diagnose ovarian cancer.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
* Pelvic exam: An exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and the other hand is placed over the lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. A speculum is also inserted into the vagina and the doctor or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease. A Pap test or Pap smear of the cervix is usually done. The doctor or nurse also inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas.
* Pelvic exam. A doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. This is done to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and rectum are also checked.
* Ultrasound exam: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later. An abdominal ultrasound or a transvaginal ultrasound may be done.
* Abdominal ultrasound. An ultrasound transducer connected to a computer is passed over the surface of the abdomen. The ultrasound transducer bounces sound waves off internal organs and tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture).
* Transvaginal ultrasound. An ultrasound probe connected to a computer is inserted into the vagina and is gently moved to show different organs. The probe bounces sound waves off internal organs and tissues to make echoes that form a sonogram (computer picture).
* CA 125 assay: A test that measures the level of CA 125 in the blood. CA 125 is a substance released by cells into the bloodstream. An increased CA 125 level is sometimes a sign of cancer or other condition.
* Barium enema: A series of x-rays of the lower gastrointestinal tract. A liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound) is put into the rectum. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. This procedure is also called a lower GI series.
* Intravenous pyelogram (IVP): A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to find out if cancer has spread to these organs. A contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the contrast dye moves through the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, x-rays are taken to see if there are any blockages.
* CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
* Biopsy: The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. The tissue is removed in a procedure called a laparotomy (a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen).
Certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery).
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
* The stage of the cancer.
* The type and size of the tumor.
* Whether all of the tumor can be removed by surgery.
* The patient’s age and general health.
* Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Glossary Terms
abdomen (AB-doh-men)
* The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abdominal ultrasound (ab-DAH-mih-nul UL-truh-SOWND)
* A procedure used to examine the organs in the abdomen. An ultrasound transducer (probe) is pressed firmly against the skin of the abdomen. High-energy sound waves from the transducer bounce off tissues and create echoes. The echoes are sent to a computer, which makes a picture called a sonogram. Also called transabdominal ultrasound.
abnormal (ab-NOR-mul)
* Not normal. An abnormal lesion or growth may be cancer, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign (not cancer).
advanced cancer (ad-VANST KAN-ser)
* Cancer that has spread to other places in the body and usually cannot be cured or controlled with treatment.
barium enema (BAYR-ee-um EH-neh-muh)
* A procedure in which a liquid that contains barium sulfate is put through the anus into the rectum and colon. Barium sulfate is a silver-white metallic compound that helps show pictures of the colon, rectum, and anus on an x-ray.
biopsy (BY-op-see)
* The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. There are many different types of biopsy procedures. The most common types include: (1) incisional biopsy, in which only a sample of tissue is removed; (2) excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed; and (3) needle biopsy, in which a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
bladder (BLA-der)
* The organ that stores urine.
blood (blud)
* A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
CA-125
* A substance that may be found in high amounts in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. CA-125 levels may also help monitor how well cancer treatments are working or if cancer has come back. Also called cancer antigen 125.
cancer (KAN-ser)
* A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
cell (sel)
* The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cervix (SER-vix)
* The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.
clinical trial (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul)
* A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called clinical study.
colon cancer (KOH-lun KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon (the longest part of the large intestine). Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).
constipation (KON-stih-PAY-shun)
* A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements don’t happen very often. Other symptoms may include painful bowel movements, and feeling bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish.
contrast material (KON-trast muh-TEER-ee-ul)
* A dye or other substance that helps show abnormal areas inside the body. It is given by injection into a vein, by enema, or by mouth. Contrast material may be used with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, or other imaging tests.
CT scan (… skan)
* A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography scan, computerized axial tomography scan, and computerized tomography.
cure (kyoor)
* To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NOH-sis)
* The process of identifying a disease, such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-in...)
* A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
fetus (FEE-tus)
* The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth.
first-degree relative (first-dih-GREE REH-luh-tiv)
* The parents, brothers, sisters, or children of an individual. Also called FDR.
gastrointestinal (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul)
* Refers to the stomach and intestines. Also called GI.
gastrointestinal tract (GAS-troh-in-TES-tih-nul trakt)
* The stomach and intestines. The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system, which also includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and rectum.
gene (jeen)
* The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
genetic testing (jeh-NEH-tik TES-ting)
* Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.
hereditary (huh-REH-dih-tayr-ee)
* Transmitted from parent to child by information contained in the genes.
hormone (HOR-mone)
* One of many chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be made in the laboratory.
incision (in-SIH-zhun)
* A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
injection (in-JEK-shun)
* Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body; often called a "shot."
intravenous pyelogram (IN-truh-VEE-nus PY-eh-loh-GRAM)
* An x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It is made after a substance that shows up on x-rays is injected into a blood vessel. The substance outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder as it flows through the system and collects in the urine. An intravenous pyelogram is usually made to look for a block in the flow of urine.
kidney (KID-nee)
* One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. Kidneys remove waste from the blood (as urine), produce erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production), and play a role in blood pressure regulation.
laparotomy (LA-puh-RAH-toh-mee)
* A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.
mutate (MYOO-tayt)
* To change the genetic material of a cell. The changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect.
organ (OR-gun)
* A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
ovarian (oh-VAYR-ee-un)
* Having to do with the ovaries, the female reproductive glands in which the ova (eggs) are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
ovarian cancer (oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the ovary (one of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed). Most ovarian cancers are either ovarian epithelial carcinomas (cancer that begins in the cells on the surface of the ovary) or malignant germ cell tumors (cancer that begins in egg cells).
ovarian epithelial cancer (oh-VAYR-ee-un eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)
* Cancer that occurs in the cells on the surface of the ovary. Also called epithelial ovarian cancer.
ovary (OH-vuh-ree)
* One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
Pap test (pap test)
* A procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect cancer and changes that may lead to cancer. A Pap test can also show conditions, such as infection or inflammation, that are not cancer. Also called Pap smear and Papanicolaou test.
pathologist (puh-THAH-loh-jist)
* A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
pelvic examination (PEL-vik eg-ZA-mih-NAY-shun)
* A physical examination in which the health care professional will feel for lumps or changes in the shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The health care professional will also use a speculum to open the vagina to look at the cervix and take samples for a Pap test. Also called internal examination.
pelvis (PEL-vus)
* The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones.
prognosis (prog-NO-sis)
* The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence.
prophylactic oophorectomy (PROH-fih-LAK-tik oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee)
* Surgery intended to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops.
rectum (REK-tum)
* The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.
recurrent cancer (ree-KER-ent KAN-ser)
* Cancer that has recurred (come back), usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrence.
reproductive system (REE-proh-DUK-tiv SIS-tem)
* The organs involved in producing offspring. In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
risk factor (... FAK-ter)
* Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes.
sonogram (SAH-noh-gram)
* A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal tissues or organs. Also called ultrasonogram.
speculum (SPEK-yoo-lum)
* An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside.
stage
* The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
surgery (SER-juh-ree)
* A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.
symptom (SIMP-tum)
* An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
tissue (TIH-shoo)
* A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
transvaginal ultrasound (tranz-VA-jih-nul UL-truh-SOWND)
* A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina that causes sound waves to bounce off organs inside the pelvis. These sound waves create echoes that are sent to a computer, which creates a picture called a sonogram. Also called transvaginal sonography and TVS.
tumor (TOO-mer)
* An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm.
ultrasound (UL-truh-SOWND)
* A procedure in which high-energy sound waves are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echo patterns are shown on the screen of an ultrasound machine, forming a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. Also called ultrasonography.
ureter (YER-eh-ter)
* The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.
uterus (YOO-teh-rus)
* The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called womb.
vagina (vuh-JY-nuh)
* The muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside of the body. During birth, the baby passes through the vagina. Also called birth canal.
vein (vayn)
* A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.
x-ray (EX-ray)
* A type of high-energy radiation. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.
Table of Links
1 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarian-germ-cell/Patient
2 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarian-low-malignant-potential/Patient
3 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/unusual-cancers-childhood/Patient/Page6#Section 128
4 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/ovarian/Patient
5 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient
6 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/breast-and-ovarian/HealthProfessional
7 http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials
Stages of Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
Key Points for This Section
* After ovarian epithelial cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovaries or to other parts of the body.
* There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
* The following stages are used for ovarian epithelial cancer:
* Stage I
* Stage II
* Stage III
* Stage IV
After ovarian epithelial cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovaries or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the ovary or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following procedures may be done:
* Laparotomy: The doctor cuts into the abdomen and carefully looks at all the organs to see if they contain cancer. The doctor will also do a biopsy (cut out small pieces of tissue so they can be looked at under a microscope to see whether they contain cancer). Usually the doctor will remove the cancer and organs that contain cancer during the laparotomy. (See the Treatment Options by Stage 1 section.)
* Thoracentesis: The removal of fluid from the space between the lining of the chest and the lung, using a needle. A pathologist views the fluid under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
The three ways that cancer spreads in the body are:
* Through tissue. Cancer invades the surrounding normal tissue.
* Through the lymph system. Cancer invades the lymph system and travels through the lymph vessels to other places in the body.
* Through the blood. Cancer invades the veins and capillaries and travels through the blood to other places in the body.
When cancer cells break away from the primary (original) tumor and travel through the lymph or blood to other places in the body, another (secondary) tumor may form. This process is called metastasis. The secondary (metastatic) tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bones, the cancer cells in the bones are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
The following stages are used for ovarian epithelial cancer:
Stage I
In stage I, cancer is found in one or both ovaries. Stage I is divided into stage IA, stage IB, and stage IC.
* Stage IA: Cancer is found inside a single ovary.
* Stage IB: Cancer is found inside both ovaries.
* Stage IC: Cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and one of the following is true:
* cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or
* the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or
* cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
Stage II
In stage II, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC.
* Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the uterus and/or the fallopian tubes (the long slender tubes through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus).
* Stage IIB: Cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis.
* Stage IIC: Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, or to other tissue within the pelvis. Also, one of the following is true:
* cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or
* the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or
* cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
Stage III
In stage III, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and/or nearby lymph nodes. Stage III is divided into stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IIIC.
* Stage IIIA: The tumor is found in the pelvis only, but cancer cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen), the small intestines, or the tissue that connects the small intestines to the wall of the abdomen.
* Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller.
* Stage IIIC: Cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters and/or cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen.
Cancer that has spread to the surface of the liver is also considered stage III ovarian cancer.
Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or tissue inside the liver.
Cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs is also considered stage IV ovarian cancer.
Glossary Terms
abdomen (AB-doh-men)
* The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abdominal (ab-DAH-mih-nul)
* Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
biopsy (BY-op-see)
* The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. There are many different types of biopsy procedures. The most common types include: (1) incisional biopsy, in which only a sample of tissue is removed; (2) excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed; and (3) needle biopsy, in which a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
blood (blud)
* A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.
bone cancer (bone KAN-ser)
* Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
cancer (KAN-ser)
* A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
capillary (KA-pih-layr-ee)
* The smallest type of blood vessel. A capillary connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body. The wall of a capillary is thin and leaky, and capillaries are involved in the exchange of fluids and gases between tissues and the blood.
capsule (KAP-sul)
* In medicine, a sac of tissue and blood vessels that surrounds an organ, joint, or tumor. A capsule is also a form for medicine that is taken by mouth. It usually has a shell made of gelatin with the medicine inside.
cavity (KA-vih-tee)
* A hollow area or hole. It may describe a body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay.
cell (sel)
* The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
centimeter (SEN-tih-MEE-ter)
* A measure of length in the metric system. There are 100 centimeters in a meter and 2½ centimeters in an inch.
fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-in...)
* A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
fluid (FLOO-id)
* A substance that flows smoothly and takes the shape of its container. Liquids and gases are fluids.
invasive cancer (in-VAY-siv KAN-ser)
* Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer.
laparotomy (LA-puh-RAH-toh-mee)
* A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.
liver (LIH-ver)
* A large organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile.
lung
* One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
lymph (limf)
* The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid.
lymph node (limf node)
* A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called lymph gland.
lymph vessel (limf ...)
* A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
lymphatic system (lim-FA-tik SIS-tem)
* The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.
metastasis (meh-TAS-tuh-sis)
* The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. A tumor formed by cells that have spread is called a “metastatic tumor” or a “metastasis.” The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural form of metastasis is metastases (meh-TAS-tuh-SEEZ).
microscope (MY-kroh-SKOPE)
* An instrument that is used to look at cells and other small objects that cannot be seen with the eye alone.
organ (OR-gun)
* A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
ovarian cancer (oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser)
* Cancer that forms in tissues of the ovary (one of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed). Most ovarian cancers are either ovarian epithelial carcinomas (cancer that begins in the cells on the surface of the ovary) or malignant germ cell tumors (cancer that begins in egg cells).
ovary (OH-vuh-ree)
* One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
pathologist (puh-THAH-loh-jist)
* A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
pelvis (PEL-vus)
* The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones.
peritoneal cavity (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KA-vuh-tee)
* The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
peritoneum (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um)
* The tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen.
primary tumor (PRY-mayr-ee TOO-mer)
* The original tumor.
small intestine (... in-TES-tin)
* The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine.
stage
* The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
stage I ovarian epithelial cancer (...oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)
* Cancer is found in one or both ovaries. Stage I is divided into stages IA, IB, and IC. In stage IA, cancer is found inside a single ovary. In stage IB, cancer is found inside both ovaries. In stage IC, cancer is found inside one or both ovaries and one of the following is true: (1) cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
stage II ovarian epithelial cancer (... oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)
* Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stages IIA, IIB, and IIC. In stage IIA, cancer has spread to the uterus and/or the fallopian tubes. In stage IIB, cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis. In stage IIC, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, or to other tissue within the pelvis. Also, one of the following is true: (1) cancer is also found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or (2) the capsule (outer covering) of the ovary has ruptured (broken open); or (3) cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
stage III ovarian epithelial cancer (...oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)
* Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread outside the pelvis to other parts of the abdomen and/or nearby lymph nodes. Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In stage IIIA, the tumor is found in the pelvis only, but cancer cells that can be seen only with a microscope have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen), the small intestines, or the tissue that connects the small intestines to the wall of the abdomen. In stage IIIB, cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is 2 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIIC, cancer has spread to the peritoneum and the cancer in the peritoneum is larger than 2 centimeters and/or cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen. Cancer that has spread to the surface of the liver is also considered stage III ovarian cancer.
stage IV ovarian epithelial cancer (...oh-VAYR-ee-un EH-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)
* Cancer has spread beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body, such as the lungs or tissue inside the liver. Cancer cells in the fluid around the lungs is also considered stage IV ovarian cancer.
staging (STAY-jing)
* Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.
thoracentesis (THOH-ruh-sen-TEE-sis)
* Removal of fluid from the pleural cavity through a needle inserted between the ribs.
tissue (TIH-shoo)
* A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
tumor (TOO-mer)
* An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called neoplasm.
uterus (YOO-teh-rus)
* The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called womb.
vein (vayn)
* A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.
Table of Links
1 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/ovarianepithelial/Patient/Page5#Section 184
Recurrent or Persistent Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
Recurrent ovarian epithelial cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated.
Treatment Option Overview
Key Points for This Section
* There are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer.
* Three kinds of standard treatment are used. These include the following:
* Surgery
* Radiation therapy
* Chemotherapy
* New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
* Biologic therapy
* Targeted therapy
* Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
* Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
* Follow-up tests may be needed.
There are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. Some treatments are standard, and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the treatment currently used as standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Three kinds of standard treatment are used. These include the following:
Surgery
Most patients have surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Different types of surgery may include:
* Total hysterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the uterus, including the cervix. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina, the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision (cut) in the abdomen, the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision (cut) in the abdomen using a laparoscope, the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
* Hysterectomy. The uterus is surgically removed with or without other organs or tissues. In a total hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. In a total hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, (a) the uterus plus one (unilateral) ovary and fallopian tube are removed; or (b) the uterus plus both (bilateral) ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed. In a radical hysterectomy, the uterus, cervix, both ovaries, both fallopian tubes, and nearby tissue are removed. These procedures are done using a low transverse incision or a vertical incision.
* Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A surgical procedure to remove one ovary and one fallopian tube.
* Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A surgical procedure to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
* Omentectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the omentum (a piece of the tissue lining the abdominal wall).
* Lymph node biopsy: The removal of all or part of a lymph node. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Some women receive a treatment called intraperitoneal radiation therapy, in which radioactive liquid is put directly in the abdomen through a catheter.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy).
A type of regional chemotherapy used to treat ovarian cancer is intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. In IP chemotherapy, the anticancer drugs are carried directly into the peritoneal cavity (the space that contains the abdominal organs) through a thin tube.
Treatment with more than one anticancer drug is called combination chemotherapy.
The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
See Drugs Approved for Ovarian Cancer 1 for more information.
New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
This summary section describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site 2.
Biologic therapy
Biologic therapy is a treatment that uses the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body’s natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells.
Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's listing of clinical trials.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests. This is sometimes called re-staging.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
Glossary Terms
abdomen (AB-doh-men)
* The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abdominal (ab-DAH-mih-nul)
* Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (by-LA-teh-rul sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee)
* Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
biological therapy (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Agents used in biological therapy include monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, and vaccines. These agents may also have a direct antitumor effect. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biotherapy, BRM therapy, and immunotherapy.
biopsy (BY-op-see)
* The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. There are many different types of biopsy procedures. The most common types include: (1) incisional biopsy, in which only a sample of tissue is removed; (2) excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed; and (3) needle biopsy, in which a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
biotherapy (BY-oh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Agents used in biotherapy include monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, and vaccines. These agents may also have a direct antitumor effect. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biological therapy, BRM therapy, and immunotherapy.
cancer (KAN-ser)
* A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.
catheter (KA-theh-ter)
* A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.
cavity (KA-vih-tee)
* A hollow area or hole. It may describe a body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay.
cell (sel)
* The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cerebrospinal fluid (seh-REE-broh-SPY-nul FLOO-id)
* The fluid that flows in and around the hollow spaces of the brain and spinal cord, and between two of the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). Cerebrospinal fluid is made by tissue called the choroid plexus in the ventricles (hollow spaces) in the brain. Also called CSF.
cervix (SER-vix)
* The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.
chemotherapy (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.
clinical trial (KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul)
* A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called clinical study.
combination chemotherapy (KOM-bih-NAY-shun KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment using more than one anticancer drug.
diagnosis (DY-ug-NOH-sis)
* The process of identifying a disease, such as cancer, from its signs and symptoms.
drug (drug)
* Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
external radiation therapy (...RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body. Also called external-beam radiation therapy.
fallopian tube (fuh-LOH-pee-in...)
* A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
follow-up (FAH-loh-up)
* Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends.
immune system (ih-MYOON SIS-tem)
* The complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infections and other diseases.
immunotherapy (IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment to boost or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Agents used in immunotherapy include monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, and vaccines. These agents may also have a direct antitumor effect. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biological therapy, biotherapy, and BRM therapy.
incision (in-SIH-zhun)
* A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
injection (in-JEK-shun)
* Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body; often called a "shot."
internal radiation therapy (in-TER-nul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation therapy, and radiation brachytherapy.
intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube.
intraperitoneal radiation therapy (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment in which a radioactive liquid is put directly into the abdomen through a thin tube.
laparoscope (LA-puh-ruh-SKOPE)
* A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen. A laparoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
lymph node (limf node)
* A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called lymph gland.
NCI
* NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. It conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called National Cancer Institute.
omentectomy (OH-men-TEK-toh-mee)
* Surgery to remove part or all of the omentum.
omentum (oh-MEN-tum)
* A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen.
organ (OR-gun)
* A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.
ovarian epithelial cancer (oh-VAYR-ee-un eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul KAN-ser)
* Cancer that occurs in the cells on the surface of the ovary. Also called epithelial ovarian cancer.
ovary (OH-vuh-ree)
* One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
pathologist (puh-THAH-loh-jist)
* A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
peritoneal cavity (PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KA-vuh-tee)
* The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
radiation (RAY-dee-AY-shun)
* Energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, medical x-rays, and energy given off by a radioisotope (unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable).
radiation therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
* The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.
radioactive (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv)
* Giving off radiation.
radioactive seed (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv...)
* A small, radioactive pellet that is placed in or near a tumor. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material breaks down and becomes more stable.
recur
* To come back or to return.
regional chemotherapy (REE-juh-nul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment with anticancer drugs directed to a specific area of the body.
side effect (side eh-FEKT)
* A problem that occurs when treatment affects healthy tissues or organs. Some common side effects of cancer treatment are fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, decreased blood cell counts, hair loss, and mouth sores.
stage
* The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.
standard therapy (... THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Also called best practice, standard medical care, and standard of care.
surgery (SER-juh-ree)
* A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.
systemic chemotherapy (sis-TEH-mik KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
* Treatment with anticancer drugs that travel through the blood to cells all over the body.
targeted therapy (TAR-geh-ted THAYR-uh-pee)
* A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances, such as monoclonal antibodies, to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapy may have fewer side effects than other types of cancer treatments.
tissue (TIH-shoo)
* A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.
total hysterectomy (TOH-tul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee)
* Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Also called complete hysterectomy.